Hospitals have long been valued by society and are a very serious problem in environmental pollution. Medical wastewater is one of the sewage with the largest daily discharge volume and the greatest potential pathogenic harm, which undoubtedly has a great impact on our lives. Therefore, it is very necessary to understand whether medical wastewater is effectively treated and how to detect it.

Medical wastewater pollution and hazards

Medical wastewater mainly refers to various types of wastewater generated during the operation of the medical system. The main departments and facilities include drainage from treatment rooms, laboratories, wards, laundry rooms, X-ray imaging, animal rooms, isotope therapy diagnosis, operating rooms, etc.; domestic sewage discharged by hospital administration and medical staff, canteens, single dormitories, and family dormitories. The main pollutants in medical wastewater include: 1) Pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria; 2) Toxic and harmful physical and chemical pollutants; 3) Radioactive pollutants; 4) Conventional pollutants such as CODCr, BOD5, and ammonia nitrogen. In addition to general domestic sewage, hospital wastewater also contains chemical substances, radioactive wastewater, and pathogens. Its main sources and components are complex. Various pollutants have the characteristics of spatial pollution, acute infection, and latent infection. If not effectively treated, it will become an important way for the spread of epidemics and seriously pollute the environment. At the same time, hospital wastewater is contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms such as feces, infectious bacteria and viruses, which are infectious and can induce diseases or cause harm.

Conventional testing indicators for medical wastewater

1. PH value – PH value refers to the ratio of the total number of hydrogen ions in the solution to the total amount of substances. The higher the PH, the stronger the alkalinity. If the PH is too low, the acidity is strong.

2. Suspended matter – Solid matter suspended in water, including inorganic matter, organic matter, mud, clay, microorganisms, etc. that are insoluble in water. It is one of the indicators to measure the degree of water pollution.

3. Chemical oxygen demand – Measure the amount of reducing substances that need to be oxidized in water samples by chemical methods. The oxygen equivalent of substances (generally organic matter) that can be oxidized by strong oxidants in wastewater, effluent from wastewater treatment plants and contaminated water.

4. Ammonia nitrogen – Nitrogen in water in the form of free ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ions (NH4). The nitrogen content of animal organic matter is generally higher than that of plant organic matter. At the same time, nitrogen-containing organic matter in human and animal feces is very unstable and easily decomposed into ammonia.

5. Fecal coliform group – Fecal coliform group is a group of intestinal bacteria that grows in the intestines of humans and warm-blooded animals, and is excreted from the body with feces. It accounts for more than 1/3 of the weight of feces, so it is called fecal coliform group.

6. Total phosphorus – After the water sample is digested, various forms of phosphorus are converted into orthophosphates, and the results are measured in milligrams of phosphorus per liter of water sample.

7. Residual chlorine – Residual chlorine refers to the effective chlorine remaining in the water after the water is disinfected with chlorine for a certain period of time. If there is residual chlorine in the water, it can irritate the eyes, nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. It can cause acute pulmonary edema, and when the concentration is high, it can paralyze the nerves in the respiratory area.

The harm caused by medical wastewater pollution is immeasurable. It is permeable, infectious and regional. Therefore, the supporting standards of hospital laboratories should be standardized, the testing requirements should be emphasized, and the treatment of medical wastewater should be increased.

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